Clearance tests and micturition are essential aspects of kidney function and urinary system regulation. These processes help monitor kidney health, assess kidney filtration capacity, and ensure effective urine elimination from the body. SCROLL DOWN TO THE BOTTOM OF THE PAGE…
The Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) is a crucial hormonal system that plays a vital role in regulating blood pressure, fluid balance, and electrolyte levels in the body. The RAS is mainly controlled by the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA), a specialized region…
The formation of urine is a complex physiological process that occurs in the kidneys, the primary filtering organs of the urinary system. The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the body’s internal environment by filtering the blood, reabsorbing essential…
The urinary system, also known as the renal system, is responsible for removing waste products and excess substances from the body through the production, storage, and excretion of urine. It plays a vital role in maintaining the body’s internal environment,…
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a division of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary bodily functions and helps maintain internal balance (homeostasis). The ANS is divided into two branches: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.…
The cranial nerves are a set of twelve pairs of nerves that emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting sensory and motor signals between the brain and various parts of the head, neck, and some internal organs.…
The spinal cord is a long, cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers and associated tissue that extends from the base of the brain down to the lower back. It serves as a crucial communication pathway between the brain and the rest…
The thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia are three important structures located within the brain. Each of these regions plays distinct roles in various physiological and cognitive functions. SCROLL DOWN TO THE BOTTOM OF THE PAGE FOR ACTUAL NOTES Thalamus: The…
The midbrain, also known as the mesencephalon, is a small but vital part of the brainstem located between the diencephalon (comprising the thalamus and hypothalamus) and the hindbrain (including the pons and medulla oblongata). Despite its size, the midbrain plays…
