Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a chronic medical condition that affects a significant portion of the global population. It is characterized by persistently elevated blood pressure levels, which can lead to various cardiovascular complications if left untreated.…

Congestive Cardiac Failure (CCF), also known as heart failure, is a chronic medical condition characterized by the heart’s inability to pump blood effectively. This results in fluid accumulation in various parts of the body, leading to symptoms such as shortness…

Angina pectoris, commonly referred to as angina, is a symptom of an underlying heart condition characterized by chest pain or discomfort. It occurs when the heart muscle doesn’t receive enough oxygen-rich blood. In this article, we will delve into the…

Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, is a life-threatening condition that occurs when there is a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle. In this article, we will explore the etiopathogenesis (the underlying causes) of myocardial…

Hyperlipidemia refers to the elevated levels of lipids (fats) in the blood, particularly cholesterol and triglycerides. It is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks and strokes. In this article, we will explore the etiopathogenesis (underlying causes)…

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF HEART: The human heart is a remarkable organ that beats rhythmically, ensuring the circulation of blood throughout the body. The electrical signals responsible for coordinating the heart’s contractions are generated and regulated by a complex system known as…

The pulmonary function test (PFT) is a diagnostic tool used to assess the functioning of the respiratory system. It provides valuable information about lung capacity, airflow, and gas exchange, helping healthcare professionals evaluate respiratory health, diagnose lung diseases, monitor disease…

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and increased airway responsiveness. It affects millions of people worldwide, causing recurring episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. In this article, we will explore the…

Chronic Obstructive Airways Disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by persistent airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. It encompasses a group of progressive lung diseases, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. In this article, we will delve into…