Chlorbutol is a compound that has been historically used as an antimicrobial and preservative agent in pharmaceutical preparations. It has a wide range of applications, particularly in ophthalmic and otic formulations. Here’s some information on the preparation, test for purity,…
OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION: In organic chemistry, oxidation-reduction reactions, commonly referred to as redox reactions, involve the transfer of electrons between reactants. Redox reactions play a crucial role in the transformation of organic compounds by changing the oxidation state of the…
BIMOLECULAR DISPLACEMENT MECHANISMS: In nucleophilic aromatic substitution (S_NAr) reactions, there are two general mechanisms that describe the bimolecular displacement of a leaving group by a nucleophile on an aromatic ring. These mechanisms are known as the Addition-Elimination (AE) mechanism and…
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) is a type of reaction in organic chemistry where a nucleophile replaces a leaving group on an aromatic ring. It is also known as aromatic nucleophilic substitution or S_NAr reaction. SCROLL DOWN TO THE BOTTOM OF…
REIMER TIEMANS REACTION: The Reimer-Tiemann reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the conversion of phenols to salicylaldehydes. It was discovered independently by Karl Reimer and Ferdinand Tiemann in the late 19th century. The reaction is commonly used in organic…
The Kolbe reaction, also known as the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction, is a carboxylation reaction that involves the electrolysis of a phenol or phenoxide salt in the presence of carbon dioxide (CO2). It was discovered by Hermann Kolbe in the 19th century…
Fries rearrangement is a chemical reaction that involves the rearrangement of an ester with an aryl group attached to an adjacent carbon atom. It was discovered by the German chemist Karl Theophil Fries in the late 19th century. The Fries…
Williamson synthesis is a widely used method in organic chemistry for the preparation of ethers. It involves the reaction between an alkyl halide (R-X) and a deprotonated alcohol (R’-O^-) to form an ether (R-O-R’). SCROLL DOWN TO THE BOTTOM OF…
Acidity of Phenols: Phenols are organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an aromatic ring. The presence of the hydroxyl group makes phenols weak acids. Compared to alcohols, phenols exhibit greater acidity due to the resonance stabilization…
