Incompatibilities refer to interactions between two or more substances that result in undesirable effects, such as chemical degradation, loss of potency, or formation of precipitates. Incompatibilities can occur in various pharmaceutical and chemical formulations, including drug combinations, excipients, and storage…

Surgical aids play a crucial role in supporting wound healing and promoting successful surgical outcomes. Among these aids are surgical dressings, absorbable gelatin sponges, sutures, ligatures, and medicated bandages. Understanding their functions, types, and applications is essential in the field…

Galenicals, also known as herbal preparations, are medicinal products derived from plants and plant materials. These preparations have been used for centuries in traditional medicine and are still relevant today. Understanding the definition of galenicals, the equipment used for extraction…

Suppositories and pessaries are unique dosage forms designed for administration via the rectal or vaginal route. They offer advantages such as localized drug delivery, bypassing the first-pass metabolism, and ease of administration. Understanding the definition, advantages, disadvantages, types of bases,…

Biphasic dosage forms, such as suspensions and emulsions, are widely used in pharmaceuticals and various industries. These formulations consist of two immiscible phases, typically a liquid and a solid or liquid and liquid, that are dispersed within each other. Suspensions…

Monophasic dosage forms are pharmaceutical preparations that consist of a single phase, typically in liquid form. They play a crucial role in delivering medications and therapeutic agents through various routes of administration. Formulating monophasic liquids involves considering theoretical aspects such…

Powders and granules are commonly used dosage forms in pharmaceuticals and various industries. They offer advantages such as ease of administration, increased stability, and enhanced solubility. Understanding their classification, advantages, disadvantages, preparation methods, and applications is crucial for ensuring safe…

Calculations involving allegation, proof spirit, and isotonic solutions are commonly encountered in various fields, including pharmacy, chemistry, and medicine. These calculations are essential for determining concentrations, dilutions, and compatibility of solutions. In this article, we will explore the concepts of…

Percentage solutions are commonly used in various fields, including chemistry, medicine, and everyday life. They represent the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent and are expressed as a percentage. Calculations involving percentage solutions are important for determining the concentration…