Neuromuscular blockers are a class of drugs that produce muscle paralysis by interfering with neuromuscular transmission. These medications find their application in various medical settings, including surgical procedures and mechanical ventilation. In this article, we will provide an overview of…
Mydriatics and miotics are two classes of drugs that affect the pupillary size and are widely used in ophthalmology. They play a crucial role in diagnosing and treating various eye conditions. In this article, we will provide an overview of…
CHOLINERGIC AND ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS AND NEUROMUSCULAR BOCKERS Cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs, along with neuromuscular blockers, are essential components of pharmacotherapy that target the cholinergic system. The cholinergic system is involved in various physiological processes and plays a vital role in…
ADRENERGIC AND ANTI-ADRENERGIC DRUGS Adrenergic and anti-adrenergic drugs are medications that modulate the activity of the adrenergic system, which is part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). These drugs target adrenergic receptors, which are activated by neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and…
DRUGS ACTING ON ANS: The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a vital role in regulating involuntary bodily functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiratory rate. Drugs that target the ANS can have profound effects on these physiological…
Drug interactions occur when two or more drugs interact with each other, affecting their effectiveness or causing potential adverse effects. As patients often take multiple medications simultaneously, understanding drug interactions is crucial for healthcare professionals to ensure medication safety and…
Pre-clinical evaluations play a critical role in the early stages of drug development. Before a new drug can be tested on human subjects, it undergoes a rigorous evaluation process to assess its safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic properties. These evaluations provide…
Drug toxicity refers to the harmful effects that drugs can have on the body when used inappropriately, in excessive amounts, or for prolonged periods. Understanding the different types of drug toxicity, including acute, sub-acute, and chronic toxicity, is essential for…
FACTORS MODIFYING DRUG EFFECTS: The effects of drugs on the body can be influenced by various factors that modify their pharmacological response. These factors can affect drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, as well as the drug’s interaction with target…
