Drug induced renal disorders refer to kidney complications that arise as a result of certain medications or drugs. These disorders can range from mild and reversible conditions to severe renal damage. This article aims to provide an overview of drug-induced…

Introduction Spondylitis is a term used to describe inflammation of the spine. It encompasses various conditions that affect the vertebral column, including ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic spondylitis, and reactive spondylitis. In this article, we will explore the etiopathogenesis, or the origin…

Introduction Gout is a form of arthritis that is characterized by sudden and severe attacks of pain, redness, and swelling in the joints. It is caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals in the joints and surrounding tissues. In…

Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by the breakdown of cartilage, the cushioning tissue that covers the ends of bones within a joint. In this article, we will…

Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints, causing inflammation, pain, and swelling. It is characterized by the immune system mistakenly attacking the body’s own tissues, particularly the synovial membrane lining the joints. In…

Introduction Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It primarily affects the mucous membranes of the reproductive tract, but it can also infect the throat, rectum, and eyes. In this article, we will explore…

Introduction Viral infections are caused by different types of viruses and can affect various organs and systems in the human body. In this article, we will explore the etiopathogenesis, or the origin and development, of viral infections, and discuss the…

HIV AND OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS Introduction Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a viral infection that attacks the immune system, specifically the CD4 cells. As HIV weakens the immune system, it makes individuals susceptible to various opportunistic infections. In this article, we…

Introduction Fungal infections, also known as mycoses, are caused by various types of fungi and can affect different parts of the body. In this article, we will explore the etiopathogenesis, or the origin and development, of fungal infections, and discuss…