Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a condition that occurs due to excessive and prolonged alcohol consumption. It encompasses a spectrum of liver disorders, including fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and alcoholic cirrhosis. Understanding the etiopathogenesis, or the underlying causes and mechanisms,…

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition characterized by inflammation of the digestive tract. It encompasses two main subtypes: Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Understanding the etiopathogenesis of IBD and the available pharmacotherapy options is essential for managing the…

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic condition characterized by the backflow of stomach acid and gastric contents into the esophagus. It affects millions of people worldwide and can lead to troublesome symptoms and complications if left untreated. In this…

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a prevalent gastrointestinal condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by the formation of open sores, known as ulcers, in the lining of the stomach or the upper part of the small…